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1.
Chinese journal of integrative medicine ; (12): 490-499, 2023.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-982280

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate whether meranzin hydrate (MH) can alleviate depression-like behavior and hypomotility similar to Chaihu Shugan Powder (CSP), and further explore the potential common mechanisms.@*METHODS@#Totally 120 Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5-8 groups including sham, vehicle, fluoxetine (20 mg/kg), mosapride (10 mg/kg), CSP (30 g/kg), MH (9.18 mg/kg), [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (Dlys, 0.5 mg/kg), and MH+Dlys groups by a random number table, 8 rats in each group. And 32 mice were randomly divided into wild-type, MH (18 mg/kg), growth hormone secretagogue receptor-knockout (GHSR-KO), and GHSR+MH groups, 8 mice in each group. The forced swimming test (FST), open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), gastric emptying (GE) test, and intestinal transit (IT) test were used to assess antidepressant and prokinetic (AP) effects after drug single administration for 30 min with absorbable identification in rats and mice, respectively. The protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) in the hippocampus of rats were evaluated by Western blot. The differences in functional brain changes were determined via 7.0 T functional magnetic resonance imaging-blood oxygen level-dependent (fMRI-BOLD).@*RESULTS@#MH treatment improved depression-like behavior (FST, OFT) and hypomotility (GE, IT) in the acute forced swimming (FS) rats (all P<0.05), and the effects are similar to the parent formula CSP. The ghrelin antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 inhibited the effect of MH on FST and GE (P<0.05). Similarly, MH treatment also alleviated depression-like behavior (FST, TST) in the wild-type mice, however, no effects were found in the GHSR KO mice. Additionally, administration of MH significantly stimulated BDNF and p-mTOR protein expressions in the hippocampus (both P<0.01), which were also prevented by [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (P<0.01). Besides, 3 main BOLD foci following acute FS rats implicated activity in hippocampus-thalamus-basal ganglia (HTB) circuits. The [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 synchronously inhibited BOLD HTB foci. As expected, prokinetic mosapride only had effects on the thalamus and basal ganglia, but not on the hippocampus. Within the HTB, the hippocampus is implicated in depression and FD.@*CONCLUSIONS@#MH accounts for part of AP effects of parent formula CSP in acute FS rats, mainly via ghrelin-related shared regulation coupled to BOLD signals in brain areas. This novel functionally connection of HTB following acute stress, treatment, and regulation highlights anti-depression unified theory.


Subject(s)
Rats , Mice , Animals , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism , Ghrelin/metabolism , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Hippocampus , Stress, Psychological , Mammals/metabolism
2.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 51(6): e7065, 2018. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889100

ABSTRACT

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon where intestinal motility is disturbed. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are required to maintain normal intestinal motility. In the present study, we assessed the effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on viability and apoptosis of ICC, as well as on the expression of stem cell factor (SCF), ghrelin, and substance P. ICC were derived from the small intestines of Swiss albino mice. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. ELISA was used to measure the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, ghrelin, substance P, and endothelin-1. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of SCF. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, interleukins, SCF, and NF-κB signaling pathway proteins. TNF-α induced inflammatory injury in ICC by decreasing cell viability and increasing apoptosis and levels of IL-1β and IL-6. TNF-α decreased the levels of SCF, ghrelin, and substance P, but had no effect on endothelin-1. TNF-α down-regulated expressions of SCF, ghrelin, and substance P by activating the NF-κB pathway in ICC. In conclusion, TNF-α down-regulated the expressions of SCF, ghrelin, and substance P via the activation of the NF-κB pathway in ICC.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Ghrelin/metabolism , Interstitial Cells of Cajal/drug effects , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Stem Cell Factor/metabolism , Substance P/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Blotting, Western , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects , Ghrelin/antagonists & inhibitors , Interstitial Cells of Cajal/metabolism , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Signal Transduction/drug effects
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(4): 1285-1290, Dec. 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893129

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, and has been found in the liver of multiple vertebrates. While ghrelin has been identified in the gastrointestinal tract of African ostrich chicks, little is known regarding its distribution in the liver of the African ostrich. In the present study, the distribution and morphological characteristics of ghrelin-immunopositive (ghrelin-ip) cells in the liver of the African ostrich were investigated using immunohistochemistry. Our results indicate that the liver is divided into two sections: the capsule and the parenchyma, which comprises hepatic lobules and the hepatic portal area. The hepatic lobules include the central vein, hepatocellular cord, and the hepatic sinusoid. The hepatocellular cord is composed of hepatocytes, and Macrophagocytus stellatus (Kupffer cells) as well as endothelial cells reside within the hepatic sinusoid. ghrelin-ip cells were detected among both the Macrophagocytus stellatus and endothelial cells of the hepatic sinusoid in the African ostrich liver. In contrast, no ghrelinip cells were located within the hepatocytes or the hepatic portal area. These results clearly demonstrated the presence of ghrelin-ip cells in the liver of the African ostrich. Therefore, ghrelin may have a physiological function in the liver of the African ostrich.


RESUMEN: La ghrelina es el ligando endógeno para el receptor secretagogo de la hormona del crecimiento, y se ha encontrado en el hígado de múltiples vertebrados. A pesar que la ghrelina ha sido identificada en el tracto gastrointestinal de polluelos de avestruz africanas, poco se sabe sobre su distribución en el hígado de esta ave. En el presente estudio se investigó la distribución y características morfológicas de las células ghrelininmunopositivas (ghrelin-ip) en el hígado del avestruz africana mediante inmunohistoquímica. Nuestros resultados indican que el hígado se divide en dos secciones: la cápsula y el parénquima, que comprende los lóbulos hepáticos y el área portal hepática. Los lóbulos hepáticos incluyen la vena central, el cordón hepatocelular y el sinusoide hepático. El cordón hepatocelular está compuesto de hepatocitos y de Macrophagocytus stellatus (células de Kupffer) y las células endoteliales se localizan dentro del sinusoide hepático. Fueron detectacas células ghrelin-ip entre los Macrophagocytus stellatus y las células endoteliales del sinusoide hepático en el hígado de avestruz africana. En contraste, no se localizaron células de ghrelin-ip dentro de los hepatocitos o en el área portal hepática. Estos resultados demuestran claramente la presencia de células de ghrelin-ip en el hígado. Por lo tanto, la ghrelina puede tener una función fisiológica en el hígado de avestruz africana.


Subject(s)
Animals , Struthioniformes/anatomy & histology , Ghrelin/metabolism , Liver/cytology , Immunohistochemistry
4.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(2): 541-546, June 2017. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893018

ABSTRACT

Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, has been detected in the thymus of multiple vertebrates. However, little is known about its distribution in the thymus of the African ostrich. In this study, we evaluated the distribution and morphological characteristics of ghrelin-producing cells in the thymus of the African ostrich. Our results revealed that the thymus consists of a capsule and a parenchyma, which comprises the cortex and medulla. Compared to the cortex, the medulla had a fewer number of thymocytes and a greater number of epithelial cells. Additionally, three thymic corpuscles were identified. Ghrelin-immunopositive (ghrelin-ip) cells were detected both in the cortex and medulla of the African ostrich thymus, specifically within epithelial cells and thymic corpuscles. On the other hand, no ghrelin-ip cells were detected within thymocytes. These results clearly demonstrate the presence of ghrelin-ip cells in the thymus of the African ostrich.


La ghrelina, un ligando endógeno para el receptor secretor de la hormona del crecimiento, se ha detectado en el timo de múltiples vertebrados. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre su distribución en el timo de la avestruz africana. En este estudio se evaluó la distribución y características morfológicas de las células productoras de ghrelina en el timo de la avestruz africana. Nuestros resultados revelaron que el timo consiste en una cápsula y un parénquima, que comprende la corteza y la médula. En comparación con la corteza, se observó un número menor de timocitos en la médula y un mayor número de células epiteliales. Además, se identificaron tres corpúsculos tímicos. Se detectaron células inmunopositivas a la ghrelina (ghrelin-ip) tanto en la corteza como en la médula del timo de la avestruz africana, específicamente dentro de células epiteliales y corpúsculos tímicos. Por otra parte, no se detectaron células ghrelin-ip dentro de los timocitos. Estos resultados demuestran claramente la presencia de células ghrelin-ip en el timo de la avestruz africana.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Thymus Gland/anatomy & histology , Thymus Gland/metabolism , Struthioniformes , Ghrelin/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry
5.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 58(4): 377-381, 06/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-711633

ABSTRACT

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between insulin-resistance and fasting levels of ghrelin and PYY in Wistar rats. Materials and methods: A total of 25 male Wistar rats, weighing 200-300 g, was included in this study. The animals were maintained in cages with a 12/12h light-dark cycle and fed standard chow and water ad libitum. After 12-h overnight fasting, ghrelin, PYY, insulin and glucose values were determined. Insulin resistance was assessed by means of the HOMA-IR, which was ranked and the median was used as a cut-off value to categorize insulin-resistance. HOMA-IR values equal and above 2.62 were considered insulin-resistant (IR) while values below 2.62 were considered insulin sensitive (IS). Differences between means were determined using the Student t-test. Multiple regression and Pearson’s correlation test were used to evaluate the association between variables. Results: HOMA-IR median IQ range values for IS and IR groups were, respectively, 1.56 (0.89 – 2.16) vs. [4.06 (3.50 – 4.61); p < 0.001]. The IR group presented increased levels of fasting ghrelin, PYY and insulin respectively: [50.35 (25.99 – 74.71) pg/mL vs. 12.33 (8.77 – 15.89) pg/mL; p = 0.001]; [54.38 (37.50 – 71.26) pg/mL vs. 33.17 (22.34 – 43.99) pg/mL; p = 0.016]; [18.04 (14.48 – 21.60) uU/mL vs. 7.09 (4.83 – 9.35) uU/mL; p = 0.001]. Ghrelin, but not PYY, correlated linearly and positively with HOMA-IR: ghrelin vs. HOMA-IR (r = 0.52; p = 0.008), and PYY vs. HOMA-IR (r = 0.22; p = 0.200). This correlation was independent of body weight. Conclusion: Fasting ghrelin and PYY serum levels are increased in lean, relatively insulin resistant Wistar rats, and this increase is independent of weight. .


Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre a resistência à insulina e os níveis de grelina e PYY em jejum em ratos Wistar. Materiais e métodos: Um total de 25 ratos Wistar machos, pesando 200-300 g, foi usado neste estudo. Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas com um ciclo de luz escuro de 12/12h e alimentados com ração padrão e água ad libitum. Depois de um jejum de 12h, os valores de grelina, PYY, insulina e glicose foram determinados. A resistência à insulina foi avaliada pelo HOMA-IR que foi ordenado e a mediana utilizada como valor de corte para categorizar a resistência à insulina. Os valores de HOMA-IR iguais ou acima de 2,62 foram considerados resistentes à insulina (RI), enquanto valores abaixo de 2,62 foram considerados sensíveis (SI). As diferenças entre as médias foram determinadas usando-se o teste t de Student. A análise de regressões múltiplas e o teste de correlação de Pearson foram usados para se avaliar a associação entre as variáveis. Resultados: A mediana e a variação IQ do HOMA-IR para os grupos RI e SI foram, respectivamente, 1,56 (0,89 – 2,16) contra [4,06 (3,50 – 4,61); p < 0,001]. O grupo RI apresentou níveis aumentados de grelina, PYY e insulina em jejum, respectivamente, [50,35 (25,99 – 74,71) pg/mL contra 12,33 (8,77 – 15,89) pg/mL; p = 0,001]; [54,38 (37,50 – 71,26) pg/mL contra 33,17 (22,34 – 43,99) pg/mL; p = 0,016]; [18,04 (14,48 – 21,60) uU/mL contra 7,09 (4,83 – 9,35) uU/mL; p = 0.001]. A grelina, mas não PYY, se correlacionou de forma linear e positiva com o HOMA-IR: a grelina contra HOMA-IR (r = 0,52; p = 0,008), e PYY contra HOMA-IR (r = 0,22; p = 0,200). Essa correlação foi independente do peso corporal. Conclusão: Os níveis séricos de jejum de grelina ...


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Body Weight/physiology , Fasting/metabolism , Ghrelin/metabolism , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Peptide YY/metabolism , Blood Glucose/analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Ghrelin/blood , Insulin/blood , Peptide Fragments/blood , Peptide YY/blood , Rats, Wistar , Regression Analysis
6.
Acta cir. bras ; 27(9): 595-599, Sept. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-646723

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) removes substantial part of the gastric mucosa, which produces ghrelin. This reduction is expected to force other organs, such as the duodenum, to compensate by increasing the number of ghrelin-producing cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this response occurs. METHODS: Twelve adult male, Wistar rats underwent SG and were reoperated 30 or 60 days after the initial surgery. During the second surgery, a segment of the duodenum was resected to count ghrelin cells using immunohistochemistry. In six animals, SG was not performed, and the duodenal segment served as a control for ghrelin cell counts. The ghrelin cell index (GCI), which is the number of ghrelin cells divided by the number of villi in each segment, was measured and used in statistical analysis by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS:There were increases in the absolute numbers of cells 30 and 60 days after SG, but statistical analysis by ANOVA showed no significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: A compensatory increase in the number of duodenal immunopositive ghrelin cells did not occur as a response to sleeve gastrectomy.


OBJETIVO: A gastrectomia vertical (GV) remove a maior parte das células produtoras de grelina. Esta redução poderia induzir o duodeno a produzir mais células de grelina de forma compensadora. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar se esta compensação ocorre. MÉTODOS: Doze ratos Wistar, machos, foram submetidos à GV e reoperados 30 e 60 dias depois (grupos 30D e 60D) quando um segmento de duodeno foi ressecado para contagem de células de grelina por imunoistoquímica. Em seis animais não foi realizada a GV e um segmento de duodeno foi ressecado para contagem de células de grelina por imunoistoquímica (grupo controle). O índice de células de grelina (ICG), que é o número de células imunopositivas para grelina dividido pelo número de vilosidades do segmento foi calculado e utilizado na análise estatística pelo teste da análise de variância (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: Houve aumento no número absoluto de células 30 e 60 dias depois da gastrectomia vertical, mas a análise estatística por ANOVA não mostrou diferenças significantes entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Não foi observado aumento compensatório no número de células de grelina duodenais após a gastroplastia vertical.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Duodenum/cytology , Gastrectomy/methods , Ghrelin/metabolism , Duodenum/metabolism , Gastric Mucosa/surgery , Immunohistochemistry , Rats, Wistar , Weight Loss/physiology
7.
Rev. bras. saúde matern. infant ; 12(3): 223-232, ago.-set. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BVSAM | ID: lil-650688

ABSTRACT

Apresentar as bases biológicas e evidências epidemiológicas do crescimento fetal e pós-natal relacionadas ao tamanho e composição corporal. MÉTODOS: a busca de artigos publicados nos últimos 15 anos foi realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, SciELO, Medline através dos descritores: crescimento, restrição do crescimento fetal, baixo peso ao nascer, aceleração compensatória do crescimento, composição corporal, índice de massa corporal e hormônios. Os estudos foram selecionados de acordo com a pertinência às evidências a serem analisadas. RESULTADOS: os artigos apontam para a influência da restrição do crescimento intraútero na supressão da termogênese e regulação hormonal, que por sua vez interferem no ganho de peso após o nascimento, e explicam como ambos os processos, restrição do crescimento fetal e rápido ganho de peso pós-natal, influenciam as medidas corporais em fases posteriores da vida, com consequências que poderão afetar gerações. CONCLUSÕES: o crescimento fetal influencia o padrão de crescimento pós-natal devido a diversos fatores relacionados à regulação hormonal, porém existe ainda uma lacuna sobre a contribuição da somação entre crescimento fetal e pós-natal no tamanho e composição corporal em fases posteriores da vida...


To present the biological bases of and epidemiological evidence for fetal and postnatal growth in relation to size and body composition. METHODS: a search of papers published in the last 15 years was carried out in the Lilacs, SciELO, and Medline databases using the key words: growth, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, catchup growth, body composition, body mass index and hormones. The studies were selected according to relevance to the evidence to be analyzed. RESULTS: the articles show the influence of intrauterine growth restriction on the suppression of thermogenesis and hormonal regulation, which in turn interfere with weight gain after birth, and explain how both processes, fetal growth restriction and rapid postnatal weight gain influence body measurements in later life, with consequences that might affect generations. CONCLUSIONS: fetal growth influences the pattern of postnatal growth due to several factors related to hormone regulation, but there is still a gap on the contribution of the combination of fetal growth and postnatal size to body composition in later life...


Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Body Composition , Fetal Development , Ghrelin/metabolism , Hyperphagia , Infant Nutrition , Infant, Low Birth Weight/growth & development , Thermogenesis
8.
Rev. nutr ; 24(5): 667-677, Sept.-Oct. 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-611643

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate serum levels of appetite-related hormones (peptide YY3-36, total ghrelin, leptin and insulin) before and after consumption of a meal in obese women with and without binge eating episodes and normal weight women. METHODS: Twenty-five women aged 32-50 years were invited to participate in this study, including 9 normal weight women without binge eating episodes (20-25kg/m², group 1), 9 obese women with binge eating episodes (³30kg/m², group 2), and 7 obese women without binge eating episodes (group 3). Four blood samples were collected from each participant, one being 60 minutes before and three being 15, 45 and 90 minutes after a meal. The composition of the meal was 55 percent carbohydrates, 15 percent protein and 30 percent lipids. RESULTS: Group 3 presented increased HOMA-IR (M=2.5, SD=1.04) when compared with group 1 (M=1.5, SD=0.53) and group 2 (M=1.8, SD=0.58), p=0.04. Body mass index (p<0.0001), leptin (p<0.0001) and insulin (p=0.01) were higher in group 3 than in the other groups before and after the meal. Additionally, total ghrelin (p=0.003) and PYY3-36 (p=0.02) levels were lower in group 2 than in the other groups before and after the meal. After adjustment for body mass index, only the lower PYY3-36 level of group 2 remained statistically different from the other groups (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that lower levels of PYY 3-36 are associated with binge eating in obese women.


OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, antes e após a refeição, as concentrações séricas de hormônios ligados ao controle do apetite (peptídeo YY3-36, grelina total, leptina e insulina) em mulheres obesas com e sem episódios de compulsão alimentar e compará-las às mulheres de peso normal. MÉTODOS: Vinte e cinco mulheres com idade entre 32 e 50 anos foram convidadas a participar deste estudo, incluindo 9 mulheres com peso normal (20-25kg/m²) sem episódios de compulsão alimentar (grupo 1), 9 mulheres obesas (³30 kg/m²) com episódios de compulsão alimentar (grupo 2) e 7 mulheres obesas sem episódios de compulsão alimentar (grupo 3). Foram coletadas quatro amostras de sangue pós-prandiais a 60 minutos (1 hora antes), bem como 15, 45 e 90 minutos após uma refeição composta de 55 por cento de carboidratos, 15 por cento de proteínas e 30 por cento de lipídeos. RESULTADOS: O maior HOMA-IR foi observado no grupo 3 (M=2,5, DP=1,04) quando comparado ao grupo 1 (M=1,5, DP=0,53) e ao grupo 2 (M=1,8, DP=0,58), p=0,04. O índice de massa corporal (p<0,0001), a leptina (p<0,0001) e a insulina (p=0,01) foram maiores no grupo 3 antes e após a refeição. A grelina total (p=0,003) e o PYY3-36 (p=0,02) foram menores no grupo 2 antes e após a refeição. Após o ajuste do índice de massa corporal, apenas a baixa concentração de PYY3-36 no grupo 2 manteve-se estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos (p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que níveis baixos do PYY-3-36 estejam associados à compulsão alimentar em mulheres obesas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Ghrelin/metabolism , Peptide Hormones/metabolism , Insulin/metabolism , Obesity , Peptide YY , Binge-Eating Disorder
9.
Pediatria (Säo Paulo) ; 32(3): 211-222, jul.-set. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-610167

ABSTRACT

Os mecanismos de controle do apetite têm sido estudados focando principalmente as funções hipotalâmicas, regulando o aspecto metabólico da alimentação. A principal preocupação do organismo é manter um equilíbrio energético e, dentro dessaproposta, genes foram selecionados que condicionavam um armazenamento energético, para fazer frente às situações de carência alimentar. Poucosestudos se dedicaram, nos últimos 10 anos, às integrações do hipotálamo com outros centros superiores. Quando os períodos de fome e de carência alimentar cessam em um estilo de vida moderna, este organismo se vê frente a sistemas poupadores, que passam a propiciar um grande armazenamentoenergético, sob a forma de depósitos de gordura, e explode uma verdadeira “pandemia” de obesidade. Os sistemas de controle do apetite estão muito maisvoltados para o armazenamento energético do que para a perda de peso. Todos sabemos das dificuldades de perder peso e como o “cérebro cognitivo” vence o “cérebro metabólico”. O desejo de comer, os estímulos olfatórios, visuais, de lembrança e de recompensa passam por centros superiores, em regiões de córtex órbito-frontal, núcleo acumbens, pálido ventral, dentre numerosas outrasestruturas. Um pouco desta integração será discutida nesta revisão.


The mechanisms that control the appetite have been studied mainly focusing on the hypothalamic functions,which regulates the metabolic aspects of feeding. The main goal of the organism is to keep the energeticbalance and, on this purpose, genes have been selected to allow storage of fuel to face food deprivation. In thelast 10 years, few studies have focused the integration between the hypothalamus and cortical centers. Ina modern era where food deprivation does not occur unless for economic reasons, the organism with its thrifty genes and phenotypes, accumulate energy in the form of fat and an explosion of obesity ensues. We allknow the difficulties to lose weight and how the “cognitive brain” surpasses the “metabolic brain”. The desire to eat, the olfactory, visual, and reward stimulus travel through superior regions of the central nervous system, such as accumbens, ventral pallidus nuclei, among others. A little bit of this integration will be discussed in this review.


Subject(s)
Weight Gain , Ghrelin/metabolism , Eating , Leptin , Neuropeptides/analysis , Obesity/prevention & control , Appetite Regulation
10.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 47(1): 27-35, ene.-abr. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-641965

ABSTRACT

La amenorrea hipotalámica funcional (AHF)presenta un proceso de adaptación homeostática frente al disbalance energético (consumo/gasto calórico) . En este síndrome participan hormonas hipotalámicas y neuropéptidos periféricos provenientes del tejido graso (leptina, adiponectina y otras adipokinas), el tracto gastrointestinal superior Ghrelin y el páncreas (insulina). Este "circuito periférico” está funcionalmente interrelacionado con un "circuito central "o hipotalámico. El descenso de la leptina, (un péptido anorexígeno), potencia el efecto orexígeno del Ghrelin. Los niveles basales de esta citokina están elelevados en la AHF e inducen en el hipotálamo, un aumento de la actividad del CRH. Esta hormona, a su vez, inhibe la secreción pulsátil del GnRH. El Ghrelin, además de ser un potente GH secretagogo, influye en la secreción de insulina e interviene en la metabolización de los glúcidos y lípidos. Normalmente se puede observar un ascenso preprandial del Ghrelin, seguido por un descenso posprandial relacionado con la sensación de saciedad. En los obesos, este descenso es menos pronunciado y lento. En cambio, en las mujeres anoréxicas la caída de este orexígeno es más rápida. Ambos comportamientos resultan ser acciones desfavorables para sus respectivas patologías. La administración de Ghrelin induce un rápido incremento de la glucemia y reducción de los niveles de insulina. Este aumento de la glucemia precede al descenso de la insulina, sugiriendo que el Ghrelin podría estimular directamente la glucogenólisis en el hígado. La hiperghrelemia podría entonces ser considerada como un probable mecanismo defensivo tendiente a prevenir la hipoglucemia de estas pacientes amenorreicas y desnutridas. Por otro lado, la hiperghrelemia basal en la AHF sería un efecto secundario a la resistencia a la insulina, la cual a su vez, es inducida por los niveles elevados de los ácidos grasos provenientes de la lipólisis que se encuentra acentuada en estas pacientes. La correlación negativa entre la insulina y el Ghrelin probablemente es mediada por el sistema vagal, como lo sugiere el aumento del polipéptido pancreático, un marcador confiable de la actividad vagal. Adicionalmente, el hipercortisolismo de estas pacientes y posiblemente la somatostatina a través de sus receptores en el páncreas, podrían regular en forma negativa la actividad de los receptores de insulina, con el consiguiente incremento del Ghrelin. Conclusión: el ascenso del Ghrelin en la AHF y sus particulares interrelaciones con la insulina y el eje adrenal convergen para mantener el equilibrio homeostático, intentando facilitar así el aporte de metabolitos energéticos a estas pacientes desnutridas, frecuentemente osteosporóticas, inmunodeprimidas y con un alto riesgo cardiovascular.


Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhoea (FHA) reflects a homeostatic adaptive process resulting from a negative energy balance (increased caloric output/expenditure with inadequate nutrient replenishment). Hypothalamic hormones and peripheral neuropeptides from the fat tissue (leptin, adiponectin and other adipokines), the upper gastrointestinal tract (Ghrelin) and pancreas (insulin) are involved in this syndrome. This "peripheral circuit” is functionally interrelated with the central hypothalamic circuit controlling appetite and satiety. The decrease in leptin, an anorexigenic signal, potentiates the orexigenic effect of Ghrelin (the basal levels of Ghrelin are elevated in FHA) and induces an increased CRH activity within the hypothalamus. This hormone, in turn, inhibits pulsatile GnRH secretion. Besides its potent GH secretagogue activity, Ghrelin is a peptide that influences insulin secretion and affects the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. Usually, a preprandial increase in Ghrelin levels is observed, followed by a postprandial decrease related to satiety. In obese subjects, this decrease is less marked and slower. Conversely, in anorexic women, the drop in this orexigenic peptide is faster. Both behaviours are unfavourable for the pathologies in which they occur. Ghrelin administration induces a rapid increase in blood glucose and a decrease in insulin levels. The fact that an increase in blood glucose precedes a decrease in insulin might suggest that Ghrelin could directly stimulate hepatic glucogenolysis activity. Thus, hyperghrelinemia might be considered as a potential defence mechanism to prevent hypoglycaemia in undernourished amenorrheic patients. Basal hyperghrelinemia in FHA is secondary to insulin resistance and it is induced by elevated free fatty acids resulting from lipolysis, a process that is increased in patients with FHA. The negative correlation between insulin and Ghrelin is probably mediated by the vagal system, as suggested by the increase in the pancreatic polypeptide, a reliable marker of vagal activity. Additionally, the hypercortisolism that typically occurs in patients with FHA, and possibly somastotatin through its pancreas receptors, could negatively regulate the activity of insulin receptors, with a consequent increase in Ghrelin. Conclusion: the increase in Ghrelin in FHA and its particular interrelations with insulin and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reflect an attempt to maintain the homeostatic balance, contributing to facilitate the supply of energy metabolites in these undernourished patients. These patients commonly develop osteoporosis, immunosuppression and a high risk of cardiovascular disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Energy Malnutrition , Ghrelin/analysis , Ghrelin/metabolism , Malnutrition/physiopathology , Ghrelin/therapeutic use , Homeostasis , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology , Insulin/analysis , Insulin/metabolism
11.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(5): 726-733, jul. 2008. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-491859

ABSTRACT

A secreção do hormônio de crescimento (GH) é modulada pelo hormônio liberador de hormônio de crescimento (GHRH) e pela somatostatina. Na última década foi descoberto um terceiro mecanismo de controle, envolvendo os secretagogos de GH (GHS). A ghrelina, o ligante endógeno do receptor dos GHS, é um peptídeo acilado produzido no estômago, que também é sintetizado no hipotálamo. Este peptídeo é capaz de liberar GH, além de aumentar a ingesta alimentar. A ghrelina endógena parece amplificar o padrão básico de secreção de GH, ampliando a resposta do somatotrofo ao GHRH, estimulando múltiplas vias intracelulares interdependentes. Entretanto, seu local de atuação predominante é o hipotálamo. Neste trabalho, será apresentada revisão sobre a descoberta da ghrelina, os mecanismos de ação e o possível papel fisiológico dos GHS e da ghrelina na secreção de GH e, finalmente, as possíveis aplicações terapêuticas destes compostos.


Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin modulate growth hormone (GH) secretion. A third mechanism was discovered in the last decade, involving the action of growth hormone secretagogues (GHS). Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand of the GHS-receptor, is an acylated peptide mainly produced by the stomach, but also synthesized in the hypothalamus. This compound increases both GH release and food intake. Endogenous ghrelin might amplify the basic pattern of GH secretion, optimizing somatotroph responsiveness to GHRH, activating multiple interdependent intracellular pathways. However, its main site of action is the hypothalamus. In the current paper it is reviewed the available data on the discovery of this peptide, the mechanisms of action and possible physiological roles of the GHS and ghrelin on GH secretion, and finally, the possible therapeutic applications of these compounds.


Subject(s)
Humans , Ghrelin/metabolism , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/metabolism , Human Growth Hormone , Receptors, Ghrelin/metabolism , Dwarfism, Pituitary/drug therapy , Ghrelin/therapeutic use , Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use , Oligopeptides/metabolism , Receptors, Ghrelin/therapeutic use
12.
J. bras. pneumol ; 33(6): 712-719, nov.-dez. 2007.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-471295

ABSTRACT

O tabagismo é a principal causa de morte prevenível na maioria dos países, inclusive no Brasil. Parar de fumar é uma estratégia importante para reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade associada às doenças tabaco-relacionadas. Sabe-se da relação inversa entre uso de nicotina e peso corporal, onde o índice de massa corporal tende a ser menor em fumantes quando comparados aos não fumantes. Além disso, abstinência tabágica resulta em aumento de peso, sendo que ex-fumantes geralmente aumentam de 5 a 6 kg, mas cerca de 10 por cento adquirem mais de 10 kg. O tratamento farmacológico para a cessação do tabagismo pode atenuar este ganho de peso. O aumento de peso na cessação do tabagismo como contributório à epidemia de obesidade é pouco estudado. Nos EUA, calcula-se que a fração do problema atribuível à cessação do tabagismo seja de 6 por cento para homens e 3,2 por cento para mulheres. Os mecanismos não são claros, mas há evidências mostrando que a dopamina e serotonina diminuem a ingestão alimentar. A administração de nicotina por qualquer via eleva agudamente os níveis destes neurotransmissores no cérebro, causando menor necessidade de ingestão energética e diminuindo o apetite. Além disso, a nicotina tem efeito direto no metabolismo do tecido adiposo, influenciando a taxa de ganho ponderal após a cessação do tabagismo. A leptina, grelina e neuropeptídio Y são peptídeos que podem contribuir para esta relação inversa entre nicotina e índice de massa corporal, em um papel ainda não determinado como conseqüente ou causador das variações ponderais.


Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in most countries, including Brazil. Smoking cessation is an important strategy for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco-related diseases. An inverse relationship between nicotine use and body weight has been reported, in which body weight tends to be lower among smokers than among nonsmokers. Smoking abstinence results in an increase in body weight for both males and females. On average, sustained quitters gain from 5 to 6 kg, although approximately 10 percent gain more than 10 kg. Pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation attenuates weight gain. The importance of smoking cessation as a contributing cause of the current obesity epidemic has been little studied. In the USA, the rate of obesity attributable to smoking cessation has been estimated at approximately 6.0 and 3.2 percent for males and females, respectively. Although the mechanisms are unclear, there is evidence that dopamine and serotonin are appetite suppressants. The administration of nicotine, regardless of the delivery system, acutely raises the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain, reducing the need for energy intake and consequently suppressing appetite. In addition, nicotine has a direct effect on adipose tissue metabolism, influencing the rate of weight gain following smoking cessation. Leptin, ghrelin and neuropeptide Y are substances that might constitute factors involved in the inverse relationship between nicotine and body mass index, although their roles as determinants or consequences of this relationship have yet to be determined.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Body Weight , Nicotine/adverse effects , Smoking Cessation , Smoking/physiopathology , Appetite Regulation/drug effects , Appetite Regulation/genetics , Appetite Regulation/physiology , Body Mass Index , Body Weight/drug effects , Body Weight/genetics , Body Weight/physiology , Ghrelin/genetics , Ghrelin/metabolism , Hunger/drug effects , Hunger/physiology , Leptin/genetics , Leptin/metabolism , Neuropeptide Y/genetics , Neuropeptide Y/metabolism , Obesity/etiology , Obesity/prevention & control , Polymorphism, Genetic/drug effects , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Risk-Taking , Sex Factors , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/drug therapy , Weight Gain/drug effects , Weight Gain/genetics , Weight Gain/physiology
13.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(7): 1041-1049, out. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-470065

ABSTRACT

A diminuição do tempo de sono tem se tornado uma condição endêmica na sociedade moderna, e a literatura atual tem encontrado importantes associações epidemiológicas entre o prejuízo no padrão habitual do sono e a obesidade. Com base nisso, a presente revisão analisou o papel do sono e da sua alteração no desencadeamento da obesidade. Diversos estudos indicam que os indivíduos que dormem menos têm uma maior possibilidade de se tornarem obesos, e que o encurtamento do sono aumenta a razão grelina/leptina, gerando o aumento do apetite e da fome. Isto pode estar associado à maior ingestão calórica e ao desencadeamento da obesidade. Dessa forma, um padrão adequado de sono torna-se fundamental para o controle da massa corporal, devendo ser incentivado pelos profissionais da saúde.


Reduction in sleep time has become an endemic condition in modern society and current literature has found important epidemiological associations between damage in the habitual standard of sleep and obesity. On this basis, the present revision analyzed the role of sleep and its alteration in the promotion of obesity. Diverse studies indicate that subjects that sleep less have greater possibility of becoming obese, and the shortening of sleep increases the leptin/grelin reason, generating increase of the appetite and hunger. This can be associated to the biggest caloric intake and promotion of obesity. An adequate standard of sleep becomes basic for the regulation of body mass and must be stimulated by health professionals.


Subject(s)
Humans , Obesity , Sleep/physiology , Appetite , Body Mass Index , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Ghrelin/metabolism , Hunger , Leptin/metabolism , Obesity/epidemiology , Obesity/etiology , Time Factors
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